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1.4 Finansiële instrumente
AANVANKLIKE METING
Finansiële instrumente word aanvanklik gemeet teen die transaksie-
prys (insluitend transaksiekoste, behalwe in die aanvanklike meting van
finansiële bates en laste wat gemeet word teen billike waarde deur wins
of verlies) tensy die ooreenkoms, in effek, ’n finansieringstransaksie uit-
maak in welke geval dit gemeet word teen die huidige waarde van die
toekomstige betalings verdiskonteer teen ’n markkoers van rente vir ’n
soortgelyke skuld-instrument.
FINANSIËLE INSTRUMENTE TEEN GEAMORTISEERDE KOSTE
Hierdie sluit in lenings, handelsdebiteure en handelskrediteure. Daardie
skuld-instrumente wat voldoen aan die kriteria in Artikel 11.8(b) van
die standaard, word daarna teen geamortiseerde koste gemeet deur
gebruik te maak van die effektiewe rente-metode. Skuld-instrumente
wat as bedryfsbates of -laste geklassifiseer is, word gemeet teen
die onverdiskonteerde bedrag van die kontant wat verwag word
om ontvang of betaal te word, tensy die ooreenkoms effektief ’n
finansieringstransaksie uitmaak.
Op elke verslagdoeningsdatum, word die drabedrae van bates wat
in hierdie kategorie gehou word hersien om te bepaal of daar enige
objektiewe bewyse van waardedaling is. Indien daar objektiewe
bewyse is, word die verhaalbare bedrag beraam en met die drabedrag
vergelyk. Indien die beraamde verhaalbare bedrag laer is, word die
drabedrag verminder na sy beraamde verhaalbare bedrag, en ’n
waardedalingsverlies word onmiddellik in wins of verlies erken.
HANDELSDEBITEURE
Handelsdebiteure word met aanvanklike erkenning teen billike waarde
gemeet en daarna teen die geamortiseerde koste bereken deur die effek-
tiewe rentekoersmetode te gebruik. Toepaslike voorsiening vir beraamde
onverhaalbare bedrae word in wins of verlies erken wanneer daar objek-
tiewe bewys is dat die bate oninbaar is. Beduidende finansiële probleme
van die debiteur, die waarskynlikheid dat die debiteur bankrot verklaar sal
word of finansiële herorganisasie sal ondergaan en wanbetaling of agter-
stalligheid van betalings word as aanduiders beskou dat die handels-
debiteure aan waardedaling onderhewig is. Die erkende voorsienings
word bereken as die verskil tussen die bate se drabedrag en die huidige
waarde van die beraamde toekomstige kontantvloei, verdiskonteer teen
die effektiewe rentekoersmetode met aanvanklike erkenning.
Die drabedrag van die bate word verminder deur die gebruik van
’n voorsieningsrekening en die bedrag van die verlies word in die
wins of verlies in bedryfskoste erken. Wanneer ’n handelsdebiteur
oninvorderbaar is, word dit afgeskryf teen die voorsieningsrekening
vir handelsdebiteure. Bedrae wat voorheen afgeskryf is en daarna
ingevorder word, word as ander inkomste erken.
KONTANT EN KONTANTEKWIVALENTE
Kontant en kontantekwivalente bestaan uit kontant voorhande en
aanvraagdeposito's en ander hoogs likiede korttermynbeleggings wat
geredelik in ’n bekende kontantbedrag omskepbaar is en aan nietige
risiko's ten opsigte van waardeverandering onderhewig is. Dit word
aanvanklik en daarna teen billike waarde erken.
FINANSIËLE INSTRUMENTE TEEN BILLIKE WAARDE
Alle ander finansiële instrumente word deur wins en verlies teen billike
waarde gemeet.
HANDELSKREDITEURE
Handelskrediteure word aanvanklik teen billike waarde gemeet en
daarna teen geamortiseerde koste bereken deur die effektiewe
rentekoersmetode te gebruik.
1.5 Hure
’n Huur word as ’n bruikhuur geklassifiseer as dit aansienlik al die
risiko's en belonings verbonde aan eienaarskap aan die huurder
oordra. Alle ander hure is bedryfshure.
1.4 Financial instruments
INITIAL MEASUREMENT
Financial instruments are initially measured at the transaction price
(including transaction costs except in the initial measurement of
financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value through
profit or loss) unless the arrangement constitutes, in effect, a financing
transaction in which case it is measured at the present value of the
future payments discounted at a market rate of interest for a similar
debt instrument.
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AT AMORTISED COST
These include loans, trade receivables and trade payables. Those debt
instruments which meet the criteria in Section 11.8(b) of the standard,
are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective
interest method. Debt instruments which are classified as current
assets or current liabilities are measured at the undiscounted amount
of the cash expected to be received or paid, unless the arrangement
effectively constitutes a financing transaction.
At each reporting date, the carrying amounts of assets held in this
category are reviewed to determine whether there is any objective
evidence of impairment. If there is objective evidence, the recoverable
amount is estimated and compared with the carrying amount. If
the estimated recoverable amount is lower, the carrying amount is
reduced to its estimated recoverable amount, and an impairment loss is
recognised immediately in profit or loss.
TRADE RECEIVABLES
Trade receivables are measured at initial recognition at fair value and
subsequently calculated at amortised cost using the effective interest
rate method. Appropriate provisions for estimated irrecoverable
amounts are recognised in profit or loss when there is objective proof
that the asset is unreachable. Significant financial problems of the
debtor, the likelihood that the debtor will be declared bankrupt or
undergo financial restructuring and default or arrears of payments are
considered as indicators that trade debtors are subject to impairment.
The recognised provisions are calculated as the difference between
the asset's carrying amount and the present value of the estimated
future cash flow, discounted at the effective interest rate method with
initial recognition.
The carrying amount of the asset is reduced by the use of a provisioning
account and the amount of the asset loss is recognised in profit or loss
in operating expenses. When a trade debtor is irrecoverable, it becomes
written off against the provisioning account for trade debtors. Amounts
previously written off and thereafter are recognised as other income.
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits
and other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities of
three months or less. Initial and subsequent measurement at fair value.
FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS AT FAIR VALUE
All other financial instruments are measured at fair value through profit
and loss.
TRADE PAYABLES
Trade payables are recognised initially at the transaction price and
subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest
rate method.
1.5 Leases
A lease is classified as a finance lease if it transfers substantially all
the risks and rewards incidental to ownership to the lessee. All other
leases are operating leases. A lease is classified as an operating lease
if it does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental
to ownership.