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Jaarverslag 2018
annual report 2018
Finansiële instrumente teen geamortiseerde koste
Hierdie sluit in lenings, handelsdebiteure en handelskrediteure. Daardie
skuld-instrumente wat voldoen aan die kriteria in Artikel 11.8(b) van die
Standaard, word daarna teen geamortiseerde koste gemeet deur gebruik
te maak van die effektiewe rentekoersmetode. Skuld-instrumente wat as
bedryfsbates of -laste geklassifiseer is, word gemeet teen die onverdiskon-
teerde bedrag van die kontant wat verwag word om ontvang of betaal te
word, tensy die ooreenkoms effektief 'n finansieringstransaksie uitmaak.
Op elke verslagdoeningsdatum, word die drabedrae van bates
wat in hierdie kategorie gehou word, hersien om te bepaal of daar
enige objektiewe bewyse van waardedaling is. Indien daar objektiewe
bewyse is, word die verhaalbare bedrag beraam en met die drabedrag
vergelyk. Indien die beraamde verhaalbare bedrag laer is, word die
drabedrag verminder na sy beraamde verhaalbare bedrag, en 'n
waardedalingsverlies word onmiddellik in wins of verlies erken.
Handelsdebiteure
Handelsdebiteure word met aanvanklike erkenning teen billike waarde
gemeet en daarna teen die geamortiseerde koste bereken deur die effek-
tiewe rentekoersmetode te gebruik. Toepaslike voorsiening vir beraamde
onverhaalbare bedrae word in wins of verlies erken wanneer daar objek-
tiewe bewys is dat die bate oninbaar is. Beduidende finansiële probleme
van die debiteur, die waarskynlikheid dat die debiteur bankrot verklaar
sal word of finansiële herorganisasie sal ondergaan en wanbetaling of
agterstalligheid van betalings word as aanduiders beskou dat die handels-
debiteure aan waardedaling onderhewig is. Die erkende voorsienings
word bereken as die verskil tussen die bate se drabedrag en die huidige
waarde van die beraamde toekomstige kontantvloei, verdiskonteer teen
die effektiewe rentekoersmetode met aanvanklike erkenning.
Die drabedrag van die bate word verminder deur die gebruik van
’n voorsieningsrekening en die bedrag van die verlies word in die
wins of verlies in bedryfskoste erken. Wanneer ’n handelsdebiteur
oninvorderbaar is, word dit afgeskryf teen die voorsieningsrekening
vir handelsdebiteure. Bedrae wat voorheen afgeskryf is en daarna
ingevorder word, word as ander inkomste erken.
Kontant en kontantekwivalente
Kontant en kontantekwivalente bestaan uit kontant voorhande en
aanvraagdeposito's en ander hoogs likiede korttermynbeleggings wat
geredelik in ’n bekende kontantbedrag omskepbaar is en aan nietige
risiko's ten opsigte van waardeverandering onderhewig is. Dit word
aanvanklik en daarna teen billike waarde erken.
Finansiële instrumente teen billike waarde
Alle ander finansiële instrumente word deur wins en verlies teen
billike waarde gemeet.
Handelskrediteure
Handelskrediteure word aanvanklik teen billike waarde gemeet
en daarna teen geamortiseerde koste bereken deur die effektiewe
rentekoersmetode te gebruik.
1.5 Hure
’n Huur word as 'n bruikhuur geklassifiseer as dit aansienlik al
die risiko's en belonings verbonde aan eienaarskap aan die huurder
oordra. Alle ander hure is bruikhure.
Financial instruments at amortised cost
These include loans, trade receivables and trade payables.
Those debt instruments which meet the criteria in Section 11.8(b)
of the Standard, are subsequently measured at amortised cost
using the effective interest method. Debt instruments which are
classified as current assets or current liabilities are measured at
the undiscounted amount of the cash expected to be received or
paid, unless the arrangement effectively constitutes a financing
transaction.
At each reporting date, the carrying amounts of assets held in this
category are reviewed to determine whether there is any objective
evidence of impairment. If there is objective evidence, the recoverable
amount is estimated and compared with the carrying amount. If the
estimated recoverable amount is lower, the carrying amount is reduced
to its estimated recoverable amount, and an impairment loss is
recognised immediately in profit or loss.
Trade receivables
Trade receivables are measured at initial recognition at fair
value and subsequently calculated at amortised cost using the
effective interest rate method. Appropriate provisions for estimated
irrecoverable amounts are recognised in profit or loss when there
is objective proof that the asset is unreachable. Significant financial
problems of the debtor, the likelihood that the debtor will be declared
bankrupt or undergo financial restructuring and default or arrears
of payments are considered as indicators that trade debtors are
subject to impairment. The recognised provisions are calculated as the
difference between the asset's carrying amount and the present value
of the estimated future cashflow, discounted at the effective interest rate
method with initial recognition.
The carrying amount of the asset is reduced by the use of a pro-
visioning account and the amount of the asset loss is recognised in
profit or loss in operating expenses. When a trade debtor is irrecover-
able, it becomes written off against the provisioning account for trade
debtors. Amounts previously written off and thereafter are recognised
as other income.
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, demand deposits
and other short-term highly liquid investments with original maturities
of three months or less. Bank overdrafts are shown as a current
liability on the statement of financial position.
Financial instruments at fair value
All other financial instruments are measured at fair value through
profit and loss.
Trade payables
Trade payables are recognised initially at the transaction price and
subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest
rate method.
1.5 Leases
A lease is classified as a finance lease if it transfers substantially all
the risks and rewards incidental to ownership to the lessee. All other
leases are operating leases.